The Concepts Of Partnership And Collaboration Social Work Essay

The Concepts Of Partnership And Collaboration Social Work Essay The concepts of partnership and collaboration have become amongst the most critical themes of new Labours social policy, particularly in respect of the delivery of health and social care. (Lymbery, M, 2005) This is the reason why a reflective summary will be produced in which concepts of partnership, the philosophies and the reducing of negative outcomes for professional, client and organization will be discussed in greater depth. Proposals for minimising negative outcomes will also be covered. CONTENT CONCEPTS OF PARTNERSHIP The definitions of partnership according to Collins English dictionary, 1991 is equal commitment or the state of being a partner. Partnership is also defined as a shared commitment, where all partners have a right and an obligation to participate and will be affected equally by the benefits and disadvantages arising from the partnership as defined by Carnwell, R. and Carson, A. in 2008. Partnership defining attributes are trust and confidence in accountability, respect for specialist expertise, joint working, teamwork, blurring of professional boundaries, member of partnerships share the same vested interests, appropriate governance structures, common goals, transparent lines of communication within and between partner agencies, agreement about the objectives, reciprocity and empathy. Antecedents of partnership are as follow: individual, local and national initiatives, commitment to shared vision about joint venture, willingness to sign up to creating a relationship that will support vision and also value cooperation and respect what other partners bring to the relationship. Partnership provides a number of benefits such as social exclusion will be tackled more efficiently, service provision from different organisations will be less repetitive, activities by agencies will be less diluted and the chance of agencies producing services that are counterproductive to each other will be reduced. However, there are also barriers in working in partnership for instance, complexity of relationships, representativeness of wider public, tokenism and excessive influence of the vocal groups, desire of individuals not to be involved in making decisions about their care, threat to confidentiality, role boundary conflicts, inter-professional differences of perspective and threats to professional identity. (Carnwell, R. and Carson, A. , 2008) PHILOPSOPHIES OF WORKING IN PARTNERSHIP In working in partnership, there are few philosophies that underpin partnership working. The philosophies are empowerment, independence, humanity, equity, trust and respect. Empowerment in the context of health and social care is a process through which people gain greater control over decision and actions that will affect their health. (World Health Organisation, 1998) The reason why empowerment is important in the partnership of health and social care context is because they are the vital foundation of developing an honest relationship between client and professional. They also have become accepted principles in social work practice and have received legislative endorsement as the foundation stones of quality relationships between users and providers of community care services as mentioned by Braye, S. and Preston-Shoot, M., in 1993. Without empowerment, a partnership working will not be effective. Independence according to Oxford, 2010 is free from outside control; not subject to anothers authority. Independence in terms of partnership in the health and social care perspective is the ability to make decision that will affect the life of a person without the control of others, be it health professional, family member etc. Other than that, it can also be described as a situation in which a person is not under the power of others. An example for independence in partnership is between a patient and a health professional, the patient should be given the autonomy to choose the choice of treatment that he wants to undergo, not chosen by the professional. Humanity is the quality of being humane according to Oxford, 2010. Equity means fairness. Equity in health means that peoples needs guide the distribution of opportunities for well-being. (WHO, 1998) Equity in partnership means that every client should be treated and given the access to health services equally. The WHO global strategy of achieving Health for All is fundamentally directed towards achieving greater equity in health between and within populations and between countries. This implies that all people have an equal opportunity to develop and maintain their health, through fair and just access to resources for health. (WHO, 1998) A commitment to partnership working can only be fostered if the partnership itself displays openness in the way it conducts its affairs, open book accounting has to be taken to the extreme if a partnership is to be successful. The reason why trust is important in a partnership is because once distrust enters into a relationship, it is bound to fail. As mutual confidence grows at the individual level so it becomes much easier for the partnership as a whole to become more transparent in its working and thus, encourage trust between partners. (Geddes, M., 2005) Trust in the health and care setting is essential because without trust, it is difficult for a client to be open and honest to the professional. Respect in partnership is important because in partnership, partners work together to achieve common goals and this relationship is based on mutual respect for each others skills and competencies and recognition of the advantage of combining these resources to achieve beneficial outcomes. Partnership in the health and social care context can be linked to the key of successful doctor-patient partnerships in which that patient will be recognised as the experts by the doctor. The doctor is, or should be, well informed about diagnostic techniques, the cause of disease, prognosis, treatment options, and preventive strategies, but only the patient knows about his or her experience of illness, social circumstances, habits and behaviour, attitudes to risk, values, and preferences. Both types of knowledge are needed to manage illness successfully, so both parties should be prepared to share information and take decisions jointly. (Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry, 2001) MODELS OF CARE IN RELATION TO PARTNERSHIP PHILOSOPHIES Models of care are made up of two models. They are the medical model and social model. In medical model, their thinking is that the disability of a person is of their own fault, their future is on the result of the diagnosis, they also tend to be labelled, their impairment becomes the focus of attention, assessment, monitoring, programmes of therapy are imposed to them, separation and alternative services are the only options, their ordinary needs are also put on hold, they are also only allowed to re-enter the ordinary world if they are normal enough otherwise it is permanent exclusion and society remains unchanged. (BFI, 2009) In this model, the independence of patient is being violated as their therapy is imposed on them, not their own choice. Their equity is also defied as they are being excluded socially. On the other hand, in social model thinking, the disabled person is valued, strengths and needs are defined by self and others, barriers are identified and solutions will be developed, outcome based programme are designed, resources are made available to ordinary services, training for parents and professionals are also provided, relationships are nurtured, diversity are also welcomed and child is included and society evolves to accept the disable. (BFI, 2009) In this model, the client is empowered such as the NHS Expert patient programme in which client take control of their own live without the relying on others. Another strategy that fosters empowerment is the Prosumers in which providers (the disabled person) are also the consumers (supporting other disabled person as a support team). (Dickerson, F., 1998) THE OUTCOMES RECOMMENDATIONS As mentioned in the working in partnership concept, partnership offers various advantages to different level of service user be it users, practitioners and organisations. Alas, it also has its own disadvantages which both will be looked into briefly. In working with partnership, the advantage is that workload between practitioners will be distributed equally according to ones own expertise. For example, the partnership between family nurses, the supervisor and social worker in safeguarding vulnerable child. If babies and young people who may have been, or are likely to be, abused or neglected. Family nurses will refer a child to social worker as a child in need, when appropriate, and will act on concerns that the child may suffer or likely to suffer significant harm. Family nurses will also receive weekly supervision and together with the supervisor work closely with social worker with safeguarding responsibilities. (HM Government, 2010) This benefit both the service user (in this case is children) and organisation that the practitioners work for as work will become more efficient. The Working Together 1999 initiative sets out how organisations and individuals should work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people in accordance with the Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004. (HM Government, 2010) Partnership with other organisations both involving statutory and voluntary will benefit service users as competition will arise. This will enhance the service being offered by the organisations involved. As an example is the British Red Cross as the voluntary organisation and local department of social work as the statutory. The NHS and Community Care Act in 1990 split the role of health authorities and local authorities by changing their internal structure, so that local authority departments assess the needs of the local population and then purchase the necessary services from providers such as the Red Cross. Community care ensures people in need of long-term care are now being able to live either in their own home, with adequate support, or in a residential home setting. (UWIC, 2010) This adequate support can be obtained from the Red Cross, such as support after being discharged from the hospital until they are fully empowered of themselves to be independent again. Support is imp ortant as seeking help from professional can help client to recover better. This will benefit both client and also organisation. Albeit partnership offers benefits to everyone, it also has its own challenges. One of the major problems of working in partnership is confidentiality. The more people working together on a case, the chances of information to be breached will increase. Along the way, information could also get lost as well. This is because one party will think specific information is not as important as what other parties will think. To overcome this problem in protecting personal data of a client, the 1998 Data Protection Act is the key legislation which covers all aspects of information processed. Additionally, especially in health and social care, to ensure that this act is put into operation, the Caldicott principle is introduced. (Department of Health, 2010) In general, working in partnership is a great way to tackle issues effectively. However, the idea of partnership does not usually work as what is expected ideally in reality. Partnership working can be difficult to do well, it can be costly if not properly managed and it may not deliver the desired outcomes if the aims and objectives are not clear. On the other hand, it can be reduced by having plans and strategies as a guidance that must be revised after a certain period of time by local authority. The principal purpose of guidance is to provide a framework against which to test potential new partnerships and examine existing ones, to ensure that the Authority can be reassured that the partnership under consideration is one which will contributes positively to its agenda. (Rochford District Council, 2009) CONCLUSION Working in partnership in health and social care is beneficial to all service users, inter professional working and organisational that is involved although it has its own negative consequences. These negative outcomes however can be reduced by referring to guidelines and policies that needs to be updated from time to time.

Marketing in Global Environment Essay

Pre school children usually become angry when they are frustrated and they get frustrated when they cant comprehend what is going on and what they have to do in that current situation. Thus when they feel helpless and are unable to express their feelings verbally, they show anger. This is basically the positive sign in a sense that this aggression enables the child to create their own personality, which signals that they are getting growing up because of the learning they obtain from new circumstances. According to Lewis & Michalson, (1983) there are three components of anger; emotional state of anger, expression and then understanding of anger. In the first stage of emotional state the child feels that their needs are not fulfilled or their goal is unattainable. In daily classroom activities there may be conflict over possession of children’s accessories, like some children don’t like to share their things with other children. Moreover there may be fights between children, verbal taunt or teasing, or circumstances when children feel that they are being ignored with peers, parents or teachers and when kids don’t like to do what is ordered by the teacher or parents. All these are the reasons that cause children to get frustrated. The second stage is expression of anger, which children normally display through their facial expression, by crying and sometimes they become stubborn and do not bother to resolve the issue. Some children express their anger by taking revenge physically or through verbal taunting, complain to the teacher what he dislikes or by fighting with his other friends. The third stage address the understanding of anger, it involves understanding, interpreting and then evaluating the emotions because expression of anger is basically linked with the understanding of emotions. At this stage children learn from their teachers and parents on how to manage their feelings of anger, and how to react in those situations. Now I would like to explore the understanding and then managing anger, according to the (Lewis & Saarni, 1985), there is a cognitive process of children’s gradual development which includes memory, language and self referential and self regulatory behaviors. At the initial ages, children always remember in their memory; the situations and their solutions that what they have done at that prevailing situation and then it become very difficult to wash their brain if they are grow up with the wrong perception. Thus the teacher plays an important role in the growing of children because they are the ones who guide them on what they have to do in the situation they come across. Then comes language, as every child thinks differently and they have different perceptions, therefore the teacher has to be very careful and keep in mind the differences when teaching them on anger. The third and last one is self referential and self regularity behavior, now self referential behavior means seeing them as separate, independent and active, while self regulation refers to controlling their wishes and tolerating the consequences. What the teacher is supposed to do to deal with the anger, the most important task is to create a friendly climate where children can express their feelings and problems without being scared, listen to them, motivate them and they must help the children to develop self regulatory skills. Also, let them participate in all the classroom activities to increase their confidence, they can do so by telling them moral stories, with the help of role play or through games and different competitions, and the most important task is to involve parents as they are the ones who remain with them all the day. Hence teacher and parent both must coordinate to better understand the children. Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to examine the child psychology, as every child is different. Furthermore, to understand how to treat children, in a way they want to be treated so they can be a better groomed for their future ahead. References: †¢ Marion. M. (April 27, 2009) Helping Young Children Deal with Anger. Retrieved 26th June 09. From the website: http://www. athealth. com/Consumer/issues/childsanger. html †¢ The Parent Report Radio Show. Aggression and Anger in Young Children. Retrieved 26th June 09 from the website: http://www. theparentreport. com/resources/ages/preschool/development/650. html †¢ Center for Mental Health Services. Helping the Child Who is Expressing Anger. Retrieved 26th June’ 09 from the website: http://parentingteens. about. com/cs/youthviolence/a/childanger. htm †¢ Can Anger in Children be a Sign of Something Serious? ( 2008 ). Retrieved 26th June 09 from the website: http://www. help-your-child-with-anger. com/anger-in-children. html †¢ Managing and Coping with the Angry Child. Retrieved 26th June 09 from the website: http://www. angermgmt. com/children. asp

Nebobites Ethical Dilemma Essay

This case involves a small public traded company named Nebobites, which manufactures dog treats. Jenny O. , CPA, is the new Assistant Controller for the Nebobites’ company, and her job is to review and audit the financial statements for the 2012 year. While reviewing the financial statements, Jenny noticed the company’s Allowance for Doubtful Accounts balance seemed significantly higher than in the past. This increase in the Allowance account was due to the Bad Debt Expense estimation being based off 3% of net credit sales instead of the prior years’ estimate of 1. %. The increase in Bad Debts expense as a result of the increase in estimate materially affected the 2012 earnings. However, 2012 had been a great year for earnings, so the additional expense did not disturb the earnings growth trend Nebobites’ had experienced in the past. However, upon further research, Jenny could find no justification for the increase in the Bad Debt Expense estimate from 1. 5% of net credit sales to 3%. Jenny decides to approach her boss, the Controller, Maxwell Devious. He tells Jenny he is aware of the practice known as â€Å"income smoothing. Maxwell Devious says showing a steady growth in earnings was essential to keep the Nebobite stock price high as possible as the Smith family planned to sell-off a significant number of shares in early 2014. Jenny feels extremely uncomfortable with this practice, and she knows that this year’s financial statements will retain an overstated Bad Debt Expense estimate and more than likely result in an understated Bad Debt Expense estimate in 2013. 2. An ethical decision must be made by Jenny, because she is going to have to decide what is morally right or wrong. This fake presentation of increase in earnings will potentially affect every stakeholder involved with the company including their shareholders, creditors, management, employees and the customers. This faulty practice will leave an overstated Bad Debt Expense estimate for the year and more than likely result in an understated Bad Debt Expense estimate in 2013. Jenny needs to decide whether she thinks it is more important to look profitable to investors and appear to have greater wealth or is it more important to show creditors that they do not have sufficient funds to cover their debts. She also knows that Maxwell Devious, the Controller, has an employee profit sharing plan, a management bonus plan based on earnings, significant bank loans outstanding and is planning on raising funds through a bond issue in 2014; all of these are affected by the earnings for the year. 3. By deciding not to change the estimate back to the appropriate percentage of 1. 5%, it does single out individuals and the upper management group. These individuals that are Jenny’s superiors simply do not want her to make the adjustment because it is in their best interest (looking profitable & performance bonuses) and not in the company and its stakeholders’ best interest as a whole. It is also a legal violation because the company’s CEO and other top-level personnel should swear that all financial data for the company is relevant and accurate, and they knowingly defy corporate policies and the GAAP. 4. In this particular situation, Jenny is faced with a couple options; some of which are favorable, others not so much. Jenny can choose to abide by her scandalous boss, and decide to go along with the inappropriate change in estimate. This choice may blow over for the time being, but in the long run, Jenny and the company may be audited in the future exploiting their mistakes made in the 2012 financial statements. This could cause Jenny to be immediately terminated when the mistakes were finally found, as well as the possibility of jail time after an investigation and trial. Another possible route Jenny could take would be to report the inappropriate practices to an outsider’s attention, such as an external auditing firm. By doing so, she could save her job possibly for the time the company is being investigated, but may later be fired. Although she will eventually have to find a new job, this choice may save her from being in trouble with the law and potentially boost her chances of finding a new job due to her discovery at Nebobites. Another final option that I would see plausible in this situation would be to simply quit, if the Controller did not want to change the estimation and swear on the financial statements. The legal risk is too high in the case, and you do not want the downfall of Nebobites to be on your shoulders. 5. By deciding to go along with the inappropriate change in estimate, Jenny’s job may be safe for the time being, but in the long run, Jenny and the company may be audited in the future exploiting their mistakes made in the 2012 financial statements. This could cause Jenny to be immediately terminated when the mistakes were finally found, as well as the possibility of jail time after an investigation and trial. This is morally and legally wrong because she knowingly goes against corporate policies and the generally accepted accounting principles in order to reap the benefits. By reporting the inappropriate practices to an outsider’s attention, such as an external auditing firm, she could save her job possibly for the time the company is being investigated, but may later be fired. Although she will eventually have to find a new job, this choice may save her from being in trouble with the law and potentially boost her chances of finding a new job due to her discovery at Nebobites. By choosing this option, Jenny acts in a dignified and legal manner. She knows that she is doing what is right and is protecting stakeholders of the company. The other option of simply just resigning or quitting her position would not have much effect on the company. She is acting morally because she is not going along with the inappropriate practices of Nebobites, but she is not doing what is in the best interest for all stakeholders. The company will most likely find a new Assistant Controller for the operation who will go along with the unlawful scheme. This ultimately resulting in the downfall of the company, when Jenny could have prevented this and saved thousands of jobs by alerting an outside auditor. 6. By alerting an outside auditor to investigate this situation, Jenny does what is in the best interest for all stakeholders. This will eventually reveal the truth and allow shareholders to see the negative affect on stock prices, creditors can be informed on the debt situation of our company and be aware of the risk of dealing with us. Management will be disappointed with the actions of Jenny, in which they sacrificed their performance bonuses and will most likely fire her. The company will still have a chance to flourish, however, when the economy turns back around. By keeping the inappropriate estimate, Jenny will most likely be in the praises of her superiors for the bonuses they received; but, in the longer run, the company’s financial statements will be inaccurate and liabilities to creditors will go unpaid. Shareholders will actual lose more money and the company has the potential to go bankrupt any day if the economy does not take a sudden turn around. The top executives, as well as Jenny, should live in fear of being exploited of their misinterpretations and eventually will get caught up in severe legal trouble. If Jenny simply quit without seeking outside assistance from auditors, she is still acting in a somewhat immoral and illegal manner. This is because the stakeholders of the company will inevitably still be in serious trouble due to the deception of Jenny and the upper management of the Nebobites’ company. . I believe that it is in the best interest for Jenny to consult an outside auditing firm. Although it could potentially make her lose her job when her superiors are notified, it enlightens all stakeholders involved with the Nebobites’ company. The risk is too great if Jenny decides to leave the inappropriate estimate as is; she risks not only losing her job, bu t also risks going to jail, as well as losing her CPA license entirely. It is worth far more in life to be an honest and truthful person who looks out for others than it is to be a deceitful and uncaring.

Suicide Is The Third Leading Cause Of Death - 1786 Words

Why is suicide in the mind of teens more than anything else? Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death. Approximately 30,000 people die from suicide each year, meaning one every eighteen minutes someone dies from suicide (Joiner 29). Teens nowadays feel hopeless when something in life goes wrong or when they are being bullied. Some people may question what causes adolescents or anyone to try to end their life or even why people are not seeing this. You may not notice that someone is going through a hard time because the person usually tries to hide it. They go on with their life faking a smile, hiding their pain. Sometimes it is the quite ones who end up†¦show more content†¦Teen suicide can be caused by cyberbullying, depression, and physical bullying. Cyberbullying is one of the many factors for a teen to commit suicide. Cyberbullying is the use of the internet to send harm to another person. It is a way of bullying that happens anonymously through the internet. â€Å"While cyberbullying alone is not likely to lead to youth suicide, it may worsen feelings of hopelessness in adolescents struggling with stress in their lives† (Hinduja, Sameer, and Patchin). Cyberbullying can easily be started by just making fun of someone and continuing to something more serious. People think that making a joke online is funny, but little do they know it can really affect someone. As teens, we do not fully think before typing something online and what seems like no big deal to someone, can be a breaking point for someone else. There are many movies that talk about cyberbullying and it is suppose to spread awareness about this kind of bullying. When cyberbullying became a big deal, everyone started doing something to stop it, and it i s still around today but not many people are paying attention to it anymore. Most likely the suspect will harass and will continue harassing the victim till they have reached their breaking point. People bully online to make other’s feel less then they really are (Phillips). They may use hurtful words or even just

Annotated Bibliography Assignment - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesnt

Annotated Bibliography Assignment - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesn't A literature review discusses published information in a specific subject area, and at times information in a specific subject area within a particular time period. It's fairly simple for reader to recognize key details. It's fairly problematic for reader to spot key info. It is simple for the reader to recognize key info. You start to read more critically rather than just collecting information. The format is for citing an internet page in an internet website. Please be aware that it's also appropriate to use the parenthetical references explained in the site section also. Register and you may begin organising your references online. The Fight Against Annotated Bibliography Assignment You're going to be writing the paper within the next assignment. Your assignments will often allow it to be clear which citation format you must use, but they might not always specify which sort of annotation to employ. You may decide on any topic regarding the coursework which you like, but you should be careful your selection is neither too large nor too focused in order to ensure your summaries can effectively talk about the topic. There are quite a lot of times once the professors and the teachers analyze the origin of the academic writing with the aid of bibliography annotation. Now you know how to compose each portion of an annotated bibliography, the last step is to put it all together and make certain it's in proper format. In the library you can locate a good example of an annotated bibliography by downloading the next article. To begin with, you will need to choose which type of citation format is appropriate to the paper and its sources, for example, MLA or APA. Usually, bibliographies ought to be double-spaced and utilize normal margins (you may want to consult your instructor, since he could have a different style he would like you to follow). Annotated bibliography resource signaturebymm if you are looking for an ideal apa format annotated bibliography sample you're able to find. If you're searching for an ideal apa format annotated bibliography sample you're able to find. Annotated bibliography political science guides at middle if you're trying to find an ideal apa format annotated bibliography sample you're able to find. Now you are prepared to start writing your very own annotated bibliography. Each essay is going to be screened for plagiarism. Additional essays might not be answered for additional credit. At the same time, the report supports my sub-topic relating to the criminal facets of a legally regulated marijuana industry. It makes a sentiment in the description of sustainability as an additional vocabulary for most companies. It makes a comparison before setting the question for the need to get the real meaning of sustainability. It is fairly recent it is from the beginning of the trump campaign and his election. What Is So Fascinating About Annotated Bibliography Assignment? One reason behind citing sources and compiling an overall bibliography is so you may prove you've completed some valid studying to back up your argument and claims. It is possible to also evaluate various sources of information and at the exact same time understand the field completely. Explain the method by w hich the argument relates to other crucial sources within the field. See the next page for examples of the way to footnote the most typical varieties of sources you will use in your NHD paper. These samples are offered for you to use and print out, so you're able to tailor them to fit your needs. Using a number of sources can help provide you with a broader picture of what's being said about your topic. You will be evaluated on variety and high quality of your sources along with your annotations. When citing an internet source, your citation should contain these elements. So as to compose an annotated bibliography, you must be in a position to summarize the source. The sort of information, and the sum of information, included in each description is dependent on the audience and purpose that the bibliography is meant to serve. You simply add the minimal amount of information which would permit the viewer to come across the source in your annotated bibliography. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Annotated Bibliography Assignment Is Wrong An annotated Webliography is the perfect assignment for nearly every discipline at any level. Based on your assignment, an annotated bibliography might be one stage in a bigger research project, or it can be an independent project standing alone. With respect to the assignment or project, it may be one stage of an independent project standing on its own, or it may be a larger research project. Writing your annotated bibliograph y in little steps may create a massive task seem far less intimidating.

Questions On Critical Thinking Activity - 1384 Words

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Mark Huselid, professor of HR strategy, School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University, argues that in order to do this, it is essential that HR determine: †¢ how HR executes a firm’s business model †¢ what kinds of strategic capabilities are required to succeed with the most profitable customers †¢ what are the strategically critical jobs and how does the behaviour of people in these jobs differ †¢ what are the reasons for these differences – for instance, a high-performing salesperson on the 90th percentile might sell 10 times as much as an average salesman †¢ how to attract, select, develop, retain, coach and monitor those salespeople so the 50th percentile people can be moved to the 75th percentile (or better). By taking this approach the focus of HR is on solving a very specific business problem that is directly linked to the performance of the business. 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Capital Punishment History Essay Example For Students

Capital Punishment History Essay There has been many controversies in the history of the United States, ranging from abortion to gun control, but capital punishment has been one of the most hotly contested issues in recent decades. Capital punishment is the legal infliction of the death penalty on persons convicted of a crime (Cox). It is not intended to inflict any physical pain or any torture; it is only another form of punishment. It is irrevocable because it removes those punished from society permanently, instead of temporarily imprisoning them. The usual alternative to the death penalty is life-long imprisonment. Capital punishment is a method of retributive punishment as old as civilization itself. The death penalty has been imposed throughout history for many crimes, ranging from blasphemy and treason to petty theft and murder. Many ancient societies accepted the idea that certain crimes deserved capital punishment. Ancient Roman and Mosaic law endorsed the notion of retaliation; they believed in the rule of an eye for an eye. Similarly, the ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, and Greeks all executed citizens for a variety of crimes. The most famous people to be executed are Socrates and Jesus. Only in England, during the reigns of King Canute (1016-1035) and William the Conqueror (1066-1087) was the death penalty not used, although the results of interrogation and torture were often fatal (Kronenwetter 12). Later, Britain reinstated the death penalty and brought it to its American colonies. Although the death was widely accepted throughout the early United States, not everyone approved of it. In the late-eighteen century, opposition to the death penalty gathered enough strength to lead to important restrictions on the use of the death penalty in several northern states, while in the United States, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Rhode Island abandoned the practice altogether (Kronenwetter 15). In 1794, Pennsylvania adopted a law to distinguish the degrees of murder and only used the death penalty for premeditated first-degree murder. Another reform took place in 1846 in Louisiana. This state abolished the mandatory death penalty and authorized the option of sentencing a capital offender to life imprisonment rather than to death. After the 1830s, public executions ceased to be demonstrated but did not completely stop until after 1936. Throughout history, governments have been extremely inventive in devising ways to execute people. Executions inflicted in the past are now regarded today as ghastly, barbaric, and unthinkable and are forbidden by law almost everywhere. Common historical methods of execution included: stoning, crucifixion, burning, breaking on the wheel, drawing and quartering, peine forte et dure, garroting, beheading or decapitation, shooting and hanging (Kronenwetter 171). These types of punishments today are considered cruel and unusual. In the United States, the death penalty is currently authorized in one of five ways: firing squad, hanging, gas chamber, electrocution, and lethal injection. These methods of execution compared to those of the past are not meant for torture, but meant for punishment for the crime. For the past decades capital punishment has been one of the most hotly contested political issues in America. This debate is a complicated one. Capital punishment is a legal, practical, philosophical, social, political, and moral question. The notion of deterrence has been at the very center of the practical debate over the question of capital punishment. Most of us assume that we execute murderers primarily because we believe it will discourage others from becoming murderers. Retentionists have long asserted the deterrent power of capital punishment as an obvious fact. The fear of death deters people from committing crimes. Still, abolitionists (people against capital punishment) believe that deterrence is little more than an assumption-and a naive assumption at that. Abolitionists claim that capital punishment does not deter murderers from killing or killing again. They base most of their argument against deterrence on statistics. States that use it extensively show a higher murder rate than those that have abolished the death penalty. Also, states that have abolished the death penalty and then reinstituted it show no significant change in the murder rate. They say adjacent states with the death penalty and those without show no long term differences in the number of murders that occur in that state. And finally, there has been no record of change in the rate of homicides in a given city or state following a local execution. Any possibly of deterring a would-be murderer from killing has little effect. John F Kennedy Analysis EssayIn the United States, the main objection to capital punishment has been that it was always used unfairly, in at least three major ways. First, females are rarely sentenced to death and executed, even though 20 percent of all murders that have occurred in recent years were committed by women. Second, a disproportionate number of nonwhites are sentenced to death and executed. A black man who kills a white person is 11 times more likely to receive the death penalty than a white man who kills a black person. In Texas in 1991, blacks made up 12 percent of the population, but 48 percent of the prison population and 55.5 percent of those on death row are black (USDBJS). Before the 1970s, when the death penalty for rape was still used in many states, no white men were guilty of raping nonwhite women, whereas most black offenders found guilty of raping a white woman were executed. This data shows how the death penalty can discriminate and be used on certain race s rather than equally as punishment for severe crimes. And third, poor and friendless defendants, those who are inexperienced or of court-appointed counsel, are most likely to be sentenced to death and executed. Defenders of the death penalty, however, argue that, because nothing found in the laws of capital punishment causes sexist, racist, or class bias in its use, these kinds of discrimination are not a sufficient reason for abolishing the death penalty on the idea that it discriminates or violates the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution. Opponents of capital punishment have replied to this by saying that the death penalty is subject to miscarriage of justice and that it would be impossible to administer fairly. In the 1970s, a series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions made the death penalty in the U.S. unconstitutional, if it is mandatory, if it is imposed without providing courts with adequate guidance to make the right decision in the severity of the sentence, or if it is imposed for a crime that does not take or threaten the life of another human being. The death penalty was also confined to crimes of murder, including felony murder. A felony murder is any homicide committed in the course of committing another felony, such as rape or robbery. After the 1972 court ruling that all but a few capital statutes were unconstitutional, thirty-seven states revised and reenacted their death penalty laws. In 1989 the Supreme Court decided that the death penalty could be used on those who were mentally retarded or underage (but 16 years and over) at the time of the killing. A trend that the Supreme Court is following is making a cut back on the appeals that death row inmates could make to the federal c ourts. I feel strongly toward using the death penalty as punishment for unspeakable crimes. I feel that it is a deterrent for criminal activity because of its severity and it will never allow a murder to kill again and destroy another family. The death penalty is not a problem if all avenues have been investigated and nothing is questionable. I do, however, feel that restrictions should be put on its uses. Not all crimes deserve the death penalty. Let the punishment fit the crime. If a criminal performs a premeditated heinous murder he should be put to death. It is that simple. If the convicted offender shows no remorse for his actions, then the decision should be even easier. Repeat offenders and people who enjoy killing do not deserve to walk our street. I feel that it is important to send a message to all future thrill-killers that taking the life of another human is wrong and if they decide to try it, they must face the consequences-Death.